Malcolm
X was born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska. His father, Earl, a Baptist
minister and follower of the Black Nationalist Marcus Garvey, was under
continuous threat by the Ku Klux Klan. The family moved to Lansing, Michigan,
where their house was burned by white racists in 1929, and, in 1931, Earl was
murdered. Malcolm’s mother had a nervous breakdown and the eight children were
sent to various foster homes.
The top student and only black in his eighth grade class, Malcolm dropped out of
school after his teacher told him that a “nigger” could never become a lawyer — his
dream. He went to Boston to live with his sister Ella, and turned to crime. He
became a street hustler and in 1946 he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years.
While in prison, though, he began a period of education and self-transformation. He
joined The Nation of Islam, a black supremacist group headed by Elijah Muhammad. He
took “X” as his last name, signifying his unknown African tribal name that had been
lost when his family was given the slave name “Little.”
After his parole in 1952, Malcolm X became a brilliant and charismatic speaker,
building the Nation of Islam from 400 to 30,000 members. In 1964 Malcolm broke with
the Nation and formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Journeying to Mecca,
the holiest of Muslim shrines, he took the name El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, and began
speaking of international black consciousness and integration rather than racial
separatism. His change of views targeted him for assassination by some members of
the Nation of Islam.
While preparing to speak in a Harlem ballroom on February 21, 1965, Malcolm X was
shot and killed by three assassins from the Nation of Islam. It is still unclear
what role the FBI, which had Malcolm X under surveillance, may have played in his
death.
Historians consider Malcolm X among the half-dozen most influential
African-American leaders in history. His book, The Autobiography of Malcolm
X, written with Alex Haley and published posthumously, is considered one of the
most important non-fiction books of the 20th Century. Many black people
felt that Malcolm X, by voicing the truth of their frustration and anger, gave them
courage and self-respect. He told African-Americans that they had to stop defining
themselves as whites had defined them in terms of subservience and inferiority. His
message was strength and pride and truth.
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Malcolm
X - Projector - Biography
